Much of the drop in headline consumer price inflation – from a peak of 11.1% a year and a half ago – is due to falling energy prices which are beyond the BoE’s control.
Its policymakers are more interested in price pressures generated within Britain’s economy, especially its still tight labour market where many employers continue to push up pay at a rate that could keep inflation hot.
As well as businesses and home-owners stretched by the highest borrowing costs since 2008, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak is also hoping for a drop in inflation pressures that could allow the BoE to cut rates, offering a electoral lifeline to his Conservatives before an election later this year.
BoE Governor Andrew Bailey has said a first rate cut could come as soon as next month, depending on the data.
IS THE INFLATION CRISIS OVER?
Inflation in Britain peaked higher than in any other big rich economy. For a period it was an outlier in the Group of Seven due to a combination of the energy price surge and a shortage of workers to fill jobs, a problem seen in other countries but compounded in Britain by Brexit.
Britain’s inflation of 3.2% in the 12 months to March remained higher than in Germany, France and Italy. But it was lower than 3.5% in the United States.
Economists polled by Reuters say Wednesday’s data will probably show headline inflation slowed sharply to 2.1% in April although it is likely to pick up a bit later in 2024. The BoE thinks it will speed up again to around 2.6% later this year.
Analysts will be just as focused on other price measures in the April data, chief among them services inflation which at 6.0% in March remains a big concern for the BoE.
LABOUR MARKET PRESSURES
For services firms, wages are a bigger share of costs than for other companies. So the recent 6% pace of annual wage growth in Britain – driven by a more acute shortage of workers to fill roles than in many other economies – has pushed up prices in the sector.
There have been some recent signs that the labour market heat is cooling. The imbalance between a high number of vacancies and a low number of unemployed people – a key gauge for the BoE – is its narrowest since before the COVID pandemic.
COMPANIES FINDING IT HARDER TO PUSH UP PRICES
Something else the BoE is watching closely is the ability of companies to pass on higher costs to customers in the form of higher prices. The BoE’s regional agents say that will be harder this year than in 2024.
Megan Greene, one of the nine Monetary Policy Committee members, last week pointed to similar signals from purchasing manager index reports which have shown stronger inflation in prices paid by firms than in the prices they charge.
NEXT ROUNDS OF DATA
After Wednesday’s inflation figures for April, there will be a set of official labour market data on June 11 and May’s inflation release on June 19 before the BoE’s next scheduled policy announcement on June 20.
Due to the problems with the official jobs data, the BoE will watch other gauges of the market even more closely than usual, including PMI surveys due on Thursday this week.
WHEN DOES THE MARKET EXPECT A RATE CUT?
Rate futures on Monday were pricing a roughly 56% chance of the BoE cutting Bank Rate to 5% from 5.25% next month and an almost 100% chance of a cut by its August meeting.
Economists polled by Reuters last week were also split about the timing of the BoE’s first move but with a narrow majority seeing it coming later than investors do: of 71 analysts who took part in the poll, 38 expected a first cut in August while 31 pointed to June. Two predicted it would come in September.
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